| Education Required |  | A Ph.D. degree is usually necessary for independent research and for advancement to administrative positions. A master's degree is sufficient for some jobs in applied research or product development. |
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| Recommended High School Courses | | Biology, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics |
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| Postsecondary Instructional Programs | | Education and Training, Physics, Engineering and Technology, Chemistry, Biology, Medicine and Dentistry |
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| Certification and Licensing | | None |
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